Geology 105: History of Life
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Lecture Notes
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Introduction and Overview
Fossils 1
Fossils 2
Geologic Principles
Relative Time
Absolute Time
Diversity of Life
Evolution
Evolution and Diversity
Rates of Evolution
Extinction
Plate Tectonics
Origin of the Earth
Origin of Life
Early Precambrian (Archean) Life
Late Precambrian (Proterozoic) Life
The Cambrian Explosion
Early Paleozoic Life
Late Paleozoic Marine Life
The Invasion of Land 1
The Invasion of Land 2
The Permo-Triassic Extinctions
Mesozoic Marine Life
Mesozoic Terrestrial Life
Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinctions
Cenozoic Life

Fossils 1

Lecture 2
2/2/98

Introduction
 Last week, we learned that the history of life is studied by geologists.
 This week we will focus on the nature of the record.
 Fossils are of key importance to geologists.
Key Points
 Fossils are the primary tool that geologist use in reconstructing past life.
 The ideas on how to interpret fossils developed slowly through human history
 Understanding the origins of fossils was key to developing the sciences of Geology and Paleontology.
Definition
 Fossils are remains or traces of once living organisms
History of fossil use and interpretation
 Fossils have been collected since prehistoric times
 Early Interpretations
 Formed in the rocks, through celestial influences
 Grown in rocks from seeds, solutions, or vapors.
 Unsuccessful creations of the creator
 Tricks of the devil to deceive people
 Jokes or "Sports of Nature" by a playful Mother Nature.
 Early Development of Geology and Paleontology as sciences
 Recognition that fossils are organic in origin
 Nicolas Steno (Florence, 1667)
 Robert Hooke (England,1668)
 Recognition that rocks, and fossils within them, occur in distinct sequences
 William Smith (England, 1815)
 Giovanni Batista Brocchi (Italy, 1814)
 Alexandre Brogniart (France, 1811)
 Recognition that different fossils occurred at different positions in the rock sequence
 There are changes in the fossil record through time
 Georges Cuvier (France, 1825)
 Uses of Fossils
 Correlating rock units
 Building a relative time scales