Geology 105: History of Life
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Lecture Notes
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Introduction and Overview
Fossils 1
Fossils 2
Geologic Principles
Relative Time
Absolute Time
Diversity of Life
Evolution
Evolution and Diversity
Rates of Evolution
Extinction
Plate Tectonics
Origin of the Earth
Origin of Life
Early Precambrian (Archean) Life
Late Precambrian (Proterozoic) Life
The Cambrian Explosion
Early Paleozoic Life
Late Paleozoic Marine Life
The Invasion of Land 1
The Invasion of Land 2
The Permo-Triassic Extinctions
Mesozoic Marine Life
Mesozoic Terrestrial Life
Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinctions
Cenozoic Life

Fossils 2

Lecture 3
2/4/98

Introduction
 Last lecture focused on what fossils are and how the thinking on them evolved through time.
 This lecture looks at how fossils form and their limitations.
Key Points
 Fossils are formed through a series of geologic and biologic processes.
 Each step in the process, destroys some data on the original organism.
 As a result of these processes, The fossil record is a biased sample of past life.
Definitions
 types of fossils
 hard parts
 shell
 bone and teeth
 chiton
 wood
 soft parts
 muscle
 skin
 hair, feathers
 traces
 tracks/trails
 molds
 coperlites
The process of fossilization
Biases in the fossil record
 Physical biases
 Ecological biases
 Human biases
Limitations of fossils
 data are limited
 sample is skewed